relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Genioglossus.png

Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue. [TFD][VHOG], Makes up bulk of tongue in frogs and salamanders; makes up entire tongue in caecilians.[AAO], see Intrinsic Tongue.[FEED]

uberon

The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG]

UBERON:0001571

Makes up bulk of tongue in frogs and salamanders; makes up entire tongue in caecilians.

• hypoglossal nerve